Recognising potential interactions between cannabinoids and other drugs could enhance understanding of their pharmacological effects, improve the efficacy and safety profiles of cannabinoid-based therapies, and encourage further exploration into this under-researched area of psychopharmacology.

Cannabinoids likely contribute to chronic psychotic events and schizophrenia, especially if taken during adolescence. This effect likely increases with a high cannabis THC concentration and increased frequency of cannabis use, and is stronger in males than in females.

While smaller trials and systematic reviews indicate therapeutic potential, the quality of evidence is often low due to limited sample sizes, short study durations, and methodological inconsistencies. Large-scale, randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are urgently needed.

Propofol requirements were significantly higher in cannabis users, who required an average additional dose of 47.33 mg compared to non-users. Subgroup analyses revealed that cannabis users undergoing general anesthesia needed an additional 30.57 mg intraoperatively, while those undergoing sedation for endoscopic procedures required an additional 53.02 mg.

Clinical evidence has shown that cannabinoids can significantly reduce the intensity of chronic pain, particularly in cases of neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and other painful conditions that are unresponsive to conventional treatments. However, the full integration of medical cannabis into clinical practice faces significant obstacles, including the need for standardized dosing, long-term safety data, and regulatory frameworks.

Due to the heterogeneity of methods, it was not possible to carry out meta-analytic evaluations and only qualitative evaluations were feasible.

“Chronic patterns of cannabis use have been associated with multiple adverse outcomes that are of particular concern among adolescents and young adults, such as, disrupted learning, impaired cognitive performance, reduced educational attainment and an increased risk of CUD, psychosis/schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors. There is debate about the extent to which cannabis use is a cause of these adverse outcomes.”