# Arkansas Pregnancy Cannabis Study Shows Persistent Medical Purchases Across Trimesters

> **Author:** Benjamin Caplan, MD (ABFM Board Certified, MA Lic. #240562, NPI: 1962722637)
> **Publisher:** CED Clinic (https://cedclinic.com)
> **Canonical URL:** https://cedclinic.com/arkansas-medical-cannabis-pregnancy-study/
> **Published:** 2026-07-16T13:43:03-04:00 | **Last Modified / Clinically Audited:** 2026-09-28T10:48:59-04:00
> **Clinical Summary:** Explore the Arkansas medical cannabis pregnancy study revealing purchasing patterns and counseling needs during pregnancy in state medical programs.

---

CED Clinical Relevance #80 Fresh public-health counseling story KUAF and UAMS highlighted a new Arkansas analysis showing that 1,185 of 72,992 pregnancies involved [medical cannabis](https://cedclinic.com/therapeutic-benefits-of-thc/) purchases during pregnancy. The story matters because it is not another abstract warning. It shows how often a real state medical program intersected with pregnancy, which is directly relevant to counseling, product discussions, and safety messaging.

Clinical Insight | CED Clinic
This Arkansas pregnancy cannabis story is clinically relevant because it moves the conversation from vague assumptions to a real purchasing pattern inside a state medical program. KUAF and a UAMS release describe a linked-data analysis of 72,992 pregnancies from May 2019 through August 2022, finding that 1.62% involved [medical cannabis](https://cedclinic.com/therapeutic-benefits-of-thc/) purchases during pregnancy and that many purchasers continued across trimesters. The useful caution is just as important as the headline: these are purchase records, not confirmed ingestion records, outcome data, or proof of exact fetal exposure. Still, if pregnancy-era purchasing is this visible in a regulated program, clinicians need more specific counseling than a generic warning line.

ArkansasPregnancyMedical CannabisTHCPublic Health

Audience
Pregnant patients, people planning pregnancy, clinicians, caregivers, and cautious readers who want a grounded explanation of what the Arkansas purchasing data does, and does not, show.

Primary Topic
A July 15 to 16, 2026 Arkansas public-health story on UAMS research tracking medical cannabis purchasing during pregnancy.

Source
[Read the KUAF report](https://www.kuaf.com/show/ozarks-at-large/2026-07-15/uams-study-looks-at-how-pregnant-women-use-medical-cannabis)

A new Arkansas analysis linked registry, dispensary, and birth-certificate data and found that 1,185 of 72,992 pregnancies involved medical cannabis purchases during pregnancy. Many purchasers continued across trimesters, and the reported THC purchasing levels were high. Here is why that matters for counseling, what the story still cannot prove, and why purchase data should never be mistaken for a complete safety answer.

What This Study Teaches Us
This story teaches that pregnancy-related cannabis counseling cannot stop at a broad warning that use is discouraged. In one functioning state medical market, some patients kept purchasing cannabis during pregnancy, often for conditions such as PTSD, and the purchasing pattern persisted across trimesters. That does not prove what was consumed or what outcomes followed, but it does show why product-specific, route-specific, and condition-specific counseling matters.

Why This Matters
[Pregnancy and cannabis](https://cedclinic.com/recreational-cannabis-birth-outcomes-study-colorado/) is one of the hardest areas in [cannabis medicine](https://cedclinic.com/essential-oils-industrial-hemp-antimicrobial-benefits/) because patient need, legal access, stigma, and safety uncertainty all collide at once. Some pregnant patients may assume that state registration implies acceptable use, while some clinicians may know they should counsel caution but still lack concrete population-level data about how often people continue buying cannabis once pregnancy begins. This Arkansas paper does not solve the safety question. It does make the counseling gap harder to ignore, especially when a regulated state program is clearly intersecting with prenatal care.

Study Snapshot

Source Type
Current public-health reporting with linked primary paper

Published
July 15 to 16, 2026

Jurisdiction
Arkansas medical cannabis program

Data Window
72,992 pregnancies from May 2019 through August 2022

Pregnancies With Purchases
1,185, or 1.62%

Pattern Reported
65.3% continued purchasing from before pregnancy, 34.7% initiated during pregnancy, and 94 stopped by pregnancy onset

Most Common Card Reason
PTSD, according to the UAMS release

Most Common Product
Plant-based cannabis

Mean Daily THC Purchased
About 137 mg per day during pregnancy

What It Cannot Tell Us
Purchases do not confirm ingestion, product-sharing, exact route, actual dose used, or fetal outcomes

Clinical Bottom Line
The key fact is not simply that some Arkansas patients bought medical cannabis during pregnancy. It is that the buying pattern was persistent enough to expose a real counseling problem, while still leaving major uncertainty about exact exposure and outcome risk.

Opening News Brief

KUAF reported on July 15 that UAMS researchers examined linked Arkansas registry, dispensary, birth-certificate, and social-determinant records to study medical cannabis purchasing during pregnancy. The underlying analysis covered 72,992 pregnancies from May 2019 through August 2022 and found that 1,185 pregnancies, or 1.62%, involved medical cannabis purchases during pregnancy. [Source: KUAF](https://www.kuaf.com/show/ozarks-at-large/2026-07-15/uams-study-looks-at-how-pregnant-women-use-medical-cannabis).

UAMS separately said that among those purchasers, about two-thirds continued buying from before pregnancy and about one-third initiated purchasing during pregnancy. The release also said cannabis purchasing occurred during all trimesters, that PTSD was the most common qualifying condition, and that plant-based cannabis was the most commonly purchased product. [Source: UAMS](https://tri.uams.edu/news/uams-researchers-shed-light-on-medical-cannabis-use-during-pregnancy-in-arkansas/).

The peer-reviewed paper, published in American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM and available on PMC, reported a mean daily THC purchased of about 137 mg during pregnancy and emphasized that the data reflect purchasing records rather than direct observation of use or clinical outcomes. [Source: AJOG MFM via PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12758129/).

Why This Matters for Patients and Families

A state medical card can quietly change how people interpret risk. If a product is legally purchased in a regulated program, some patients may infer that the safety questions are narrower than they really are. This story matters because it shows that pregnancy-era purchasing was not rare enough to dismiss as an edge case, yet the evidence base remains too limited to turn registration into reassurance.

Families should also notice the difference between access and clarity. A regulated purchase pathway may improve product traceability compared with informal sourcing, but it does not answer whether cannabis is safe in pregnancy, what route is riskiest, how much exposure occurred, or whether a patient had better-supported alternatives for the symptom they were trying to treat.

How This Fits the Bigger Picture

Cannabis policy has advanced faster than pregnancy-specific evidence. That mismatch leaves patients and clinicians in a familiar bind: the market is real, the symptoms are real, the purchases are real, but the outcome data remain incomplete and sometimes conflicting. Arkansas is useful here because it puts actual state-program behavior on the table instead of forcing everyone to argue from assumptions.

This also fits a broader public-health pattern. As cannabis markets mature, the most important questions often shift from whether people can get access to what kind of access they are using, what they believe the product is helping, and whether clinical counseling has kept pace with legal availability.

Key Clinical Caveats

The first caveat is foundational: purchase data are not use data. The paper tracked what was bought in the medical program, not what was actually consumed, how frequently it was consumed, whether products were shared, or what route was ultimately used. Readers should treat every exposure inference as incomplete.

The second caveat is that the reported THC figure reflects purchased THC, not a directly measured biologic dose. The UAMS release and paper make the story more concrete, but they do not eliminate uncertainty about individual behavior. A cautious reader should also remember that major clinical groups such as ACOG and the American Academy of Pediatrics still advise against cannabis use during pregnancy because the safety data are limited and there are no FDA-approved pregnancy indications.

Where It Deserves Skepticism

This is a strong descriptive paper, but it is still descriptive. It can show who purchased, when they purchased, and how purchasing patterns clustered. It cannot settle causal questions about miscarriage, fetal growth, neurodevelopment, preterm birth, or postpartum outcomes from these data alone.

Readers should also be careful with institutional framing. University releases often emphasize why a study matters, which can be helpful, but the study still reflects Arkansas program structure, Arkansas qualifying conditions, Arkansas product availability, and Arkansas patient behavior. That makes it informative, not universally portable.

What This Does Not Show

This story does not show that medical cannabis is safe in pregnancy, and it does not show that it is uniformly harmful in a simple one-number way. It does not prove that the reported THC purchasing level equals the amount used by a pregnant patient on a given day. It also does not tell readers which symptoms drove continued use in each case or whether other treatments had already failed.

Just as important, the paper does not show fetal or child outcomes for the pregnancies in this analysis. It is a purchasing-pattern study with real clinical value, but it is not an outcomes trial and it is not a product-specific safety comparison.

For Patients and Families

If you are pregnant, planning pregnancy, or helping someone who is, the practical takeaway is not panic. It is specificity. Do not assume a medical card answers the pregnancy question for you. The safer move is to know the qualifying condition, product type, route, frequency, and reason for use well enough to have a real conversation with a clinician who can discuss uncertainty honestly.

Families should also treat storage and household exposure as part of the conversation. When pregnancy, other children, or frequent caregivers are in the picture, product handling and visibility matter along with the primary question of maternal use.

For Clinicians

This paper supports more concrete prenatal screening questions. Instead of asking only whether a patient uses cannabis, clinicians may need to ask whether the patient holds a state card, what qualifying condition is involved, which products are being purchased, whether use started before pregnancy, and what the patient believes the product is helping.

It also supports disciplined language. Purchase persistence is a useful warning signal. It is not a substitute for exposure measurement or an outcome study. Good counseling will separate those ideas rather than collapsing them into either reassurance or alarm.

For Cautious Readers

A careful reading avoids two mistakes. One is acting as if this paper finally proves a specific level of fetal harm. The other is acting as if the absence of outcome data means there is nothing meaningful here. What is meaningful is that pregnancy-era purchasing clearly happened inside a regulated program and often continued after pregnancy began.

That makes this a counseling and public-health story first. The paper is most useful when it sharpens questions about exposure, alternatives, and risk communication, not when it is used as a slogan by either advocates or prohibitionists.

Policy and Advocacy Angle

Medical cannabis programs can normalize access without building pregnancy-specific guardrails that are equally visible, practical, and well understood. Arkansas is a reminder that the policy problem is not just who can buy. It is whether patients receive clear enough guidance at the point where legal access intersects with a higher-risk physiologic state.

The policy challenge is therefore broader than warning labels. It includes clinician education, patient messaging, product counseling, and better outcome research so that pregnant patients are not left to infer safety from the existence of a regulated market.

How Strong Is This Evidence?
The evidence is strong for a descriptive public-health paper and current-news explainer. The Arkansas team linked statewide records and quantified pregnancy-era medical cannabis purchasing in a way that is more informative than anecdotes or opinion. The limitation is equally clear: the dataset measures purchases, not confirmed use, biomarker exposure, or maternal and infant outcomes from the same pregnancies.

Where This Paper Deserves Skepticism
The most important skepticism is about overtranslation. A purchasing study can identify a real counseling and exposure-opportunity problem without proving the exact clinical consequences of each purchase. Readers should also remember that Arkansas-specific program rules, patient mix, and product patterns may not map neatly onto every other state.

What This Paper Does Not Show
This paper does not prove exact daily use, route, or fetal exposure. It does not establish maternal or neonatal outcomes for the pregnancies studied, and it does not tell readers whether cannabis was more or less appropriate than alternative symptom-management strategies in any individual case.

How This Fits With the Broader Clinical Conversation

[Pregnancy and cannabis](https://cedclinic.com/recreational-cannabis-birth-outcomes-study-colorado/) remains one of the clearest examples of legal access moving faster than precise safety evidence.

For clinicians, the most useful immediate value of this paper is not a new prohibition slogan. It is a better prompt for focused counseling and documentation.

For patients, the paper reinforces that legal purchase and clinical confidence are not the same thing.

Dr. Caplan’s Take

*If a state medical program is visible enough that pregnancy-era purchasing can be measured this clearly, then counseling cannot stay generic. We need to ask what symptoms a patient is trying to manage, what product is involved, what route is being used, and what uncertainty still surrounds exposure and outcomes.*

*I would not use this paper to promise a specific risk estimate, and I would not use it to shrug off concern. I would use it to make the conversation more honest. Purchase persistence tells us that some patients are already navigating [pregnancy and cannabis](https://cedclinic.com/recreational-cannabis-birth-outcomes-study-colorado/) in the real world, whether the evidence base feels ready or not.*

What a Careful Reader Should Take Away
Read this Arkansas paper as a warning signal about real-world prenatal cannabis purchasing and counseling gaps, not as a final answer on exact exposure or pregnancy outcome risk.

Evidence Interpretation Guide

Table of Contents

- [How to Read Arkansas Pregnancy Cannabis Purchasing Data Without Overreading It](#How_to_Read_Arkansas_Pregnancy_Cannabis_Purchasing_Data_Without_Overreading_It)[Four questions worth asking before you overread this story](#Four_questions_worth_asking_before_you_overread_this_story)
- [The Same Study Can Mean Different Things Depending on the Question Being Asked](#The_Same_Study_Can_Mean_Different_Things_Depending_on_the_Question_Being_Asked)[Legal Purchase Does Not Settle the Pregnancy Question](#Legal_Purchase_Does_Not_Settle_the_Pregnancy_Question)
- [Screening Has To Get More Specific](#Screening_Has_To_Get_More_Specific)
- [Household Risk Still Matters](#Household_Risk_Still_Matters)
- [The Strongest Signal Is a Counseling Gap](#The_Strongest_Signal_Is_a_Counseling_Gap)
- [Do Not Confuse Purchased THC With Measured Exposure](#Do_Not_Confuse_Purchased_THC_With_Measured_Exposure)
- [Access Policy Can Outrun Pregnancy Guidance](#Access_Policy_Can_Outrun_Pregnancy_Guidance)
- [A Descriptive Study Can Still Matter a Lot](#A_Descriptive_Study_Can_Still_Matter_a_Lot)
- [Watch for Outcome-Linked and Route-Specific Follow-Up](#Watch_for_Outcome-Linked_and_Route-Specific_Follow-Up)
- [Frequently Asked Questions](#Frequently_Asked_Questions)[Related](#Related)

## How to Read Arkansas Pregnancy Cannabis Purchasing Data Without Overreading It

Pregnancy-and-cannabis headlines are easy to oversimplify. Either the story becomes proof of harm, or it gets dismissed because the paper did not directly measure outcomes.

A better reading starts by asking what the Arkansas study actually measured, what it can support confidently, and where the uncertainty still matters most.

### Four questions worth asking before you overread this story

**Is this use data or purchasing data?**It is purchasing data linked to pregnancy records. That makes it highly relevant to real-world behavior, but it is not the same as directly measured exposure.

**What is the clearest verified fact?**Of 72,992 Arkansas pregnancies in the study window, 1,185 involved medical cannabis purchases during pregnancy, and many purchasers continued across trimesters.

**What is the strongest reason for caution?**The study does not tell us what was actually consumed, what route was used, or what outcomes followed, so readers should resist turning purchasing patterns into a precise safety claim.

**What should readers watch next?**Watch for better outcome-linked studies, route-specific data, dose-specific counseling research, and clearer clinical guidance for patients who already hold state medical cards.

The Public Health Question
Are state medical programs giving pregnant patients enough clinical guidance, or mostly giving them legal access inside an evidence gap?

The Patient Question
If I am pregnant or planning pregnancy, do I understand why I am using cannabis, what product and route are involved, and what uncertainty still surrounds fetal exposure?

The Bottom Line
This is a clinically useful warning signal about persistent pregnancy-era purchasing, not a verdict on exact exposure or causality.

CED Perspective Lens

## The Same Study Can Mean Different Things Depending on the Question Being Asked

Scientific papers rarely answer a single question. Patients, clinicians, researchers, policymakers, and critics often read the same data differently. The perspectives below explore how this study looks through several evidence-based lenses.

Lens Overview
The Arkansas paper looks different depending on whether you are asking a counseling question, a policy question, an exposure question, or an outcomes question. Each lens clarifies one part of the story while protecting against overreach.

#### Legal Purchase Does Not Settle the Pregnancy Question

A state medical purchase can feel like a form of reassurance, especially when symptoms are real and treatment decisions feel urgent.

This paper is a reminder that access and safety certainty are different things.

The real value is knowing what questions you still need answered before treating pregnancy exposure as low-risk.

Lens takeaway
A medical card is not the same as pregnancy-specific evidence.

#### Screening Has To Get More Specific

A yes-or-no cannabis question may miss the clinical picture when a patient is buying from a regulated medical program.

Clinicians may need to ask about qualifying condition, product type, route, frequency, and whether use began before pregnancy.

The paper supports better questions even before it supports stronger outcome claims.

Lens takeaway
Use the study to improve prenatal counseling, not to overstate outcomes.

#### Household Risk Still Matters

Pregnancy-related cannabis conversations are not only about the pregnant patient.

They also affect storage, household visibility, and how other children or caregivers may encounter products in the home.

That is why counseling cannot end at the patient level alone.

Lens takeaway
Exposure questions extend beyond the person making the purchase.

#### The Strongest Signal Is a Counseling Gap

The Arkansas data make one thing hard to deny: some patients continue buying medical cannabis after pregnancy begins.

That means public-health messaging has to address a real behavior, not a hypothetical one.

The challenge is to respond with clarity rather than stigma or simplistic slogans.

Lens takeaway
Real purchasing behavior demands better guidance.

#### Do Not Confuse Purchased THC With Measured Exposure

The 137 mg figure is striking, but it still reflects purchased THC, not a directly observed daily intake.

That distinction matters because route, wastage, sharing, and actual use behavior can all change exposure.

Skepticism here protects against false precision.

Lens takeaway
Purchase numbers are informative, not biologic proof.

#### Access Policy Can Outrun Pregnancy Guidance

A state can build a functioning medical market before it builds equally effective pregnancy-specific education.

That leaves patients to interpret legality, clinician advice, and product availability on their own.

This Arkansas story shows why policy design needs more than licensing and sales rules.

Lens takeaway
Access without targeted guidance creates preventable ambiguity.

#### A Descriptive Study Can Still Matter a Lot

Not every important paper is an outcomes trial.

Descriptive linked-data work helps identify who is exposed, when exposure may be happening, and where better research is needed next.

This paper earns attention because it maps a real behavior that [clinical research](https://cedclinic.com/cannabis-based-therapies-smoking-cessation/) must now explain more fully.

Lens takeaway
Good descriptive data can sharpen the next generation of outcome studies.

#### Watch for Outcome-Linked and Route-Specific Follow-Up

The next useful evidence step is not another generic warning.

It is better linkage between purchasing patterns, route, dose, symptom indication, and maternal or infant outcomes.

That is how this conversation moves from suspicion and uncertainty toward something clinically sturdier.

Lens takeaway
The next question is exposure and outcome linkage, not whether the issue exists.

Join the Conversation

Have a question about how this applies to your situation? [Ask Dr. Caplan](https://benjamincaplan.com/ask-dr-caplan)

Want to discuss this topic with other patients and caregivers? [Join the forum discussion](https://cedclinic.com/interact/discussion-forums/)

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Source: [UAMS study looks at how pregnant women use medical cannabis](https://www.kuaf.com/show/ozarks-at-large/2026-07-15/uams-study-looks-at-how-pregnant-women-use-medical-cannabis)

Related Reading at CED Clinic
Continue exploring the evidence

[Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Neurodevelopment: What the New Systematic Review Actually Shows](https://cedclinic.com/prenatal-cannabis-neurodevelopment-impact/)

CED context on what a broader evidence review does, and does not, support about prenatal cannabis and later neurodevelopment.

[Read the neurodevelopment review](https://cedclinic.com/prenatal-cannabis-neurodevelopment-impact/)

[Understanding alcohol, cannabis use in pregnancy and postpartum in people with HIV](https://cedclinic.com/understanding-alcohol-cannabis-use-in-pregnancy-and-postpartum-in-people-with-hiv/)
A more specific pregnancy and postpartum pattern story that helps compare the Arkansas data with another clinically important population.

[Review the pregnancy and postpartum pattern study](https://cedclinic.com/understanding-alcohol-cannabis-use-in-pregnancy-and-postpartum-in-people-with-hiv/)

[New York’s Cannabis Honestly Campaign: What Families and Clinicians Should Know](https://cedclinic.com/new-york-cannabis-honestly-campaign-education/)
A public-health companion piece on why clearer education around youth, families, and cannabis risk still matters even in legal markets.

[Read the education campaign explainer](https://cedclinic.com/new-york-cannabis-honestly-campaign-education/)

Similar Studies on CEDClinic.com
Earlier coverage on closely related evidence
When a new paper overlaps with earlier CED Clinic coverage, we preserve the chain instead of hiding the overlap. These links point to older related posts so readers can compare what is new, what is repeated, and how the evidence has moved.

Related digest item
[Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Neurodevelopment: What the New Systematic Review Actually Shows](https://cedclinic.com/prenatal-cannabis-neurodevelopment-impact/)

A structured CED review of a prenatal cannabis neurodevelopment paper that keeps domain-specific caution visible without overstating the evidence.

This is the closest comparison because both pieces ask readers to separate real concern from overconfident conclusions in pregnancy-related cannabis evidence.

[Compare the neurodevelopment evidence](https://cedclinic.com/prenatal-cannabis-neurodevelopment-impact/)

Related digest item
[Understanding alcohol, cannabis use in pregnancy and postpartum in people with HIV](https://cedclinic.com/understanding-alcohol-cannabis-use-in-pregnancy-and-postpartum-in-people-with-hiv/)
CED coverage of pregnancy and postpartum cannabis-related behavior in a narrower but clinically meaningful population.

Useful as a compare-and-contrast piece because it shows how pregnancy-related cannabis questions look different when the population and clinical context change.

[Compare the postpartum context](https://cedclinic.com/understanding-alcohol-cannabis-use-in-pregnancy-and-postpartum-in-people-with-hiv/)

Related digest item
[CED Cannabis Science Digest: 3 Public-Health Cannabis Signals Worth Watching](https://cedclinic.com/cannabis-public-health-signals-2026-digest/)
A prior digest that included pregnancy-outcome and public-health caution signals relevant to counseling conversations.

Helpful background because it places the Arkansas purchasing data inside a broader set of public-health cannabis signals rather than treating it as a stand-alone verdict.

[Review the public-health signal digest](https://cedclinic.com/cannabis-public-health-signals-2026-digest/)

## Frequently Asked Questions

What did the Arkansas pregnancy cannabis study find?

The study found that 1,185 of 72,992 Arkansas pregnancies involved medical cannabis purchases during pregnancy, which equals 1.62% of the pregnancies in the study window.

Did the paper measure actual cannabis use during pregnancy?

No. It measured medical-program purchases linked to pregnancy records, not directly observed use or biologic exposure.

Did purchasing continue after pregnancy began?

Yes. The UAMS release said about 65.3% of purchasers continued from before pregnancy and about 34.7% initiated purchasing during pregnancy.

Did the paper say purchasing happened in every trimester?

Yes. UAMS said cannabis purchasing occurred during all trimesters of pregnancy.

What was the most common reason women had a medical cannabis card?

The UAMS release said the most common qualifying condition was PTSD.

Does the 137 mg THC figure mean a pregnant patient used exactly that much THC each day?

No. The paper reported mean daily THC purchased, which is not the same as confirmed daily THC consumed.

Does this study prove cannabis harmed those pregnancies?

No. It is a purchasing-pattern study and does not report maternal or infant outcomes for the pregnancies in the analysis.

Why should clinicians care about a purchasing study?

Because it shows that pregnancy-era cannabis purchasing is a real behavior inside a regulated medical program, which supports more specific counseling and screening questions.

Why is this story relevant for patients and families?

Because legal purchase can create a false sense of certainty. Patients and families still need clear information about product type, route, uncertainty, and household safety.

What is the most careful takeaway from this Arkansas story?

The data are strong enough to show a real counseling and public-health issue, but not strong enough to settle exact exposure or outcome risk with false precision.

 

### Related

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### Verification & Medical Governance

- **Lead Clinical Author:** Benjamin Caplan, MD
- **Credentials:** Board Certified in Family Medicine (ABFM), Former CMO Canna Care Docs (250,000+ patients supervised), Founder & CMO CED Clinic & CED Foundation, Author of *The Doctor-Approved Cannabis Handbook* (Penguin Random House).
- **Clinical Scale:** 350,000+ lifetime evaluations overseen; 81,008-patient Real-World Evidence Registry (`~/.ced_rwe_vault.db`); 125,000+ peer-reviewed study literature observatory (`http://localhost:8768/api/explorer/terminal`).
- **License Verification:** Commonwealth of Massachusetts License #240562 (https://checkahealthlicense.mass.gov/).
- **NPI Registry:** 1962722637 (https://npiregistry.cms.hhs.gov/provider-view/1962722637).
- **Ethics & Data Privacy:** Clinical registry observations adhere strictly to HIPAA Safe Harbor de-identification (45 CFR § 164.514(b)) and criteria for secondary research exemption under 45 CFR § 46.104(d)(4).
